Category: jobs by state

Syllabus for the post of Veterinary Officer in the department of animal husbandry

Paper-II

1
Part I (60 marks)

1. ANIMAL NUTRITION
   Importance of nutrients in animal production and health; Composition of animal body and plants;
   nutritional terms and their definitions; Nutritional aspect of carbohydrates, protein and fats; Role and requirement of water, metabolic water; Importance of minerals (major and trace elements) and vitamins in health and production, their requirements and supplementation in feed; Common feeds and fodders, their classification, availability and importance for livestock and poultry production; Measures of food energy and their applications – gross energy, digestible energy, metabolizable energy, net energy, total digestible nutrients, starch equivalent, food units, physiological fuel value; Direct and indirect calorimetry, carbon and nitrogen balance studies’ Protein evaluation of
   feeds – Measures of protein quality in ruminants and non-ruminants, biological value of protein, protein efficiency ratio, protein equivalent, digestible crude protein; Calorie protein ratio; Nutritive ratio; Processing of concentrates and roughages; Various physical, chemical and biological methods for improving the nutritive value of inferior quality roughages; Preparation, storage and conservation of livestock feed through silage and hay and their uses in livestock feeding; Harmful natural constituents and common adulterants of feeds and fodders; Feed additives in the rations of livestock and poultry and their uses; Importance of scientific feeding; Feeding experiments; Digestion and
   metabolism trial; Norms adopted in conducting digestion trial; Measurement of digestibility; Factors affecting digestibility of a feed; Feeding standards, their uses and significance, merit and demerits of various feeding standards with reference to ruminants; Balanced ration and its characteristics; Nutrient requirements and methods for assessing the energy and protein requirements for maintenance and production in terms of growth, reproduction, milk, meat, wool and draft purpose; General principles of computation of rations; Formulation of rations and feeding of dairy cattle and buffaloes during different phases of growth and production (neonate, young, adult, pregnant,
   lactating and dry animals; breeding bull) and working animals; Formulation of ration and feeding of sheep and goat during different phases of growth and production (milk, meat and wool); Feeding of high yielding animals and role of bypass nutrients; Metabolic disorders and nutritional interventions; Use of NPN compound for ruminants; Nutrient requirements in poultry, swine and equine – Energy and protein requirement for maintenance and production; Methods adopted for arriving at energy and protein requirements for maintenance and production in terms of growth, reproduction and production (egg, meat and work); Feeding standards for non-ruminants and poultry Formulation of rations as per Bureau of Indian Standards and Indian Council of Agricultural Research specifications; Feeding of swine (Piglets, Growers, Lactating and pregnant sows, Breeding boar, Fattening animals),
   equine (foal, yearling, broodmare, stallion and race horses) and poultry (Starter, Growers, Broilers, Layers) with conventional and unconventional feed ingredients; Feeding of ducks, quails, turkeys and laboratory animals; Nutrient requirements of mice, rat, rabbit and guinea pig; Diet formulation, preparation and feeding of rabbits and laboratory animals; Nutrient requirement and feeding of different categories of dogs and cats; peculiarities of feeding cats; Feeding of wild animals and birds in captivity; Metabolic disorders and nutritional intervention. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT Demographic distribution of livestock and role in Indian economy; Problems and prospects of livestock industry in India, Common farm management practices including disinfection, isolation, quarantine and disposal of carcass; Introduction to methods of drug administration; Common vices of animals (Cattle, Buffalo, Sheep, Goat,), their prevention and care; Livestock production systems, Animal holding and land holding patterns in different agroclimatic zones; Organic livestock production; Judging and BCS for body parts of livestock, Preparation of animals
   for show, Culling of animals, Agronomical Practices for fodder production, Structures for storage of feeds and fodders; Scarcity fodders and preservation of green fodder, Recycling of animal washings and wastes in fodders production and use of recycle waste, Housing systems, layout and design of different buildings for animals, Selection of site; General principles affecting the design and construction of building for housing for various livestock species, Arrangements of the building with special reference to Indian conditions, Utilization of local materials, Building materials used for construction of wall, roof and floor of animal houses, their characteristics, merits and demerits, Breeds of cattle and buffalo and descriptions of important breeds, Economic traits of cattle and
   buffaloes, General management and feeding practices of calves, heifers, pregnant, lactating and dry animals, bulls and working animals; Draught ability of cattle and buffaloes, Raising of buffalo males for meat production, Routine animal farm operations and labour management; Animal farm accounts and records, Methods of milking and precautions, Factors affecting quality and quantity of milk production; Clean milk production; Breeds of sheep and goat and their descriptions; Important economic traits for meat, milk and fibre; General management and feeding practices during different stages of growth, development and production (milk, meat and wool); Breeding schedule and management of ram and buck; Weaning and fattening of lambs and kids, Status and conservation practices of wild life in India, Basic principles of habitat and housing of various classes of wild zoo animals; Size and space requirement (dimension) of cubicles, enclosures of important wild zoo animals; Management of livestock in fringe areas, in and surrounding the breeding areas, Feeding habits, feeds and feeding schedules of captive animals, Restraining, capture, handling, physical examination of captive animals; Classification of zoos, management of sanctuaries, national parks etc.; Acts and Rules related to captive animals; National and international organization and institutions interlinked to captive animals role and functioning; Definition of animal welfare and ethics; Human and animal welfare in relation to ecosystem and environmental factors, Role of veterinarians in animal welfare; Animal welfare organizations, Animal Welfare Board of India – their role, functions and current status; Rules, regulations, laws on animal welfare; Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (PCA) Act, 1960 {59 of 1960); Role and function of Committee for the Purpose of Controlling and Supervising Experiments in Animals (CPCSEA); Protection of wild life in nature and captivity; Protection and welfare of performing animals, Welfare of animals during transportation; Animal welfare in commercial livestock farming practices; Protection and welfare of working animals; Pet and companion animal welfare; Animal welfare during natural calamities and disaster management; Legal duties of veterinarians, Common offences against animals and laws related to these offences, Provincial and Central Acts relating to animals; Laws relating to offences affecting Public Health; Livestock Importation Act Evidence, liability and insurance; Code of Conduct and Ethics for veterinarians – the Regulations made under the Act, Classification of poultry with respect to production characters, age and standards; Production characters of other avian species; Description of indigenous fowls and their value in rural farming; Specific strains developed for rural poultry production; their acceptability and importance in rural eco-system Brooding management – Types of
   brooders – preparation of shed – Importance of environmental factors; Housing –Types of poultry houses – space requirements; Recent advances in housing systems and rearing systems; Scavenging system of management – Low input technology – Backyard and semi-intensive units; their management and economic achievements; Deep litter management – control of litter-borne diseases and recycling of litter; Cage management –Different types of cages and their Advantages and disadvantages; Management of growers and layers; Management of broilers and breeders;
   Feeding management in poultry–Classification of nutrients – Nutrient requirements and feed formulations; Feeding systems–Feed restrictions – phase feeding – Additives and supplements; Breeding systems and methods of mating; Selection and culling; Breeding for specific characters and for hybrid chicken production; Poultry judging; Egg structure – Physical and chemical composition; Bio-security and principles of disease prevention management; Health care for common poultry diseases – vaccination; General principles of poultry medication, Principles of incubation and hatchery management practices; Factors affecting fertility and hatchability, selection and care of
   hatching eggs and hatchery hygiene; Candling, sexing, grading, packing and disposal of hatchery waste, Economics of hatchery business – Troubleshooting hatchery failures–Computer applications in hatchery management, Poultry waste management, pollution and environmental issues; Organic and hill farming; Mixed or integrated poultry farming Vertical & horizontal integration in commercial poultry production – Contract farming; Export or import of poultry produce and marketing; Management of ducks, geese, turkeys, Japanese quails, guinea fowls etc., Importance and selection of laboratory animal, care and housing standards of mice, rats, hamster and guinea pigs, General considerations on feeding and breeding of laboratory animals; Concept of production of specific pathogen free and germ free laboratory animals; Scope of rabbit farming in the country, breeds and their distributions in India; Selection, care and management of rabbit breeding stock for commercial purpose; Identification, care and management of kindling animals; Care of new born, growing stock, Breeding and selection techniques for optimal production of rabbit; Feeds and feeding for rabbit production; Hygienic care and Housing for rabbit production; Disposal, utilization and recycling of waste etc.; Preparing projects for micro (Backyard), mini and major rabbit farms; Important breeds of dogs, cats and pet birds; Feeding of dogs, cats and pet birds, Dog show: preparation for show, kennel clubs, important characteristics for judgment; Utility of dogs- guarding, defense, patrolling, riot control, scouting, espionage, mine detection, tracking, guiding, hunting, races, retrieving rescue and other uses, Scope of swine farming in the country; Demography of swine population; Selection and breeding techniques in swine; Important breeds (exotic and indigenous) & their characteristics; Housing and feeding of swine; Management of different categories of swine for optimal production: breeding and pregnant sows; sows at farrowing and after farrowing: pig-lets, growing stock, Lactating sows, feedlot stock; Equine population of India; Horses, donkeys and mules and their utility; Colors and markings and Identification of breeds of horses; Dentition and ageing of horses; Care and routine management of equines including grooming, saddling and exercise; Stable and its management; Vices of horses, Foot care and shoeing care; Feeding routine for horse, donkeys and mules; Care of stallion; Mating of horses, brood mare and its care; Foaling and care of newborn; Care of Breeding mules; Care of race horses and preparing horses for show, Doping and its detection; Colic and its prevention, Common breeds of camel in India and their utility, peculiarities in camel, Feeding schedule of camel, rutting symptoms in camel, Vices of camel; Care of breeding in camel, pregnancy and parturition of camel, Population statistics and utility, peculiarities of yak; Feeding
   and breeding of Mithun or Yaks Yak × cattle crossing, hybrids from Mithun or Yaks and their adaptation to high altitude, milk composition of Mithun or Yaks.
2. VETERINARY PHYSIOLOGY
   Properties of blood as a body fluid, metabolism and fate of R.B.C; Hemoglobin-chemical structure,
   synthesis, physiological functions, derivatives of hemoglobin; Heart-morphological characteristic, systemic excitability conduction and transmission processes; Cardiac Cycle, regulation of cardiac output; coronary circulation; properties of pulse; metabolism and energetic of working myocardial cell, extrinsic and intrinsic regulation; Electrocardiograph, Echocardiography, haemostasis; Haemodynamics of circulation, circulatory mechanics, resistance to flow, vasoconstriction, nervous and circulating fluid volume controls of blood pressure, neurohormonal control of vascular smooth muscle; Circulatory controls- shock stresses, regional and fetal circulation, capillary exchange, control of blood pressure, adjustment of circulation during exercise; Muscle Physiology-basic muscle unit characteristic-electrical phenomenon in muscle cell – muscle action potential, types of muscle contraction, phenomenon of fatigue, rigor mortis, organization of nervous system, Major function systemsensory, consciousness, emotion, motor and visceral control and basic functional unit – neuron structure, typefunctional characteristics of sub-units of neuron; Membrane potential -ionic basis of resting membrane potential (RMP) nerve action potential, excitation and propagation of impulse characteristics- latent period- refractive-ness, threshold level-all and none characteristics, Degeneration and regeneration of nerve fibre, Synaptic and junctional transmission, reflexes-control of posture and movements, autonomic nervous system and visceral control, Neurotransmitter wakefulness, sleep cycle, Higher function of neurons system – learning, memory, electroencephalography; Sense organs and receptors physiology of special senses- Eye: functional morphology, nourishment and protection neural pathway, receptors- optics, ocular muscles and movements, photochemistry, Vision defects, Physiology of hearing and common hearing impairment; Vestibule apparatus; Physiology of olfaction and taste, Morphological characteristic of mono gastric and poly gastric digestive system; Prehension, rumination; defecation; vomition; regulation of secretory function of saliva, stomach, intestine, pancreas; bile secretion; hunger, appetite control,developmental aspects of digestion; luminous, membranous and microbial
   digestion in rumen and intestine; permeability characteristics of intestine, forces governing absorption, control intestinal transport of electrolyte and water, enzymatic digestion in monogastric and fermentative digestion in rumen, modification of toxic substances in rumen; Digestion in birds, Functional morphology of respiratory apparatus, Mechanics of breathing, Transport of blood gases, foetal and neonatal oxygen transport, dissociation curves, pressures, recoil tendency, elasticity, surfactants, pleural liquid, compliance, exchanges of gases in lungs and tissues, neural and chemical regulation of breathing, diffusion, perfusion, hypoxia, Frictional resistance to air flow, airways smooth muscle contraction, respiratory muscle work, panting, adaptation of respiration during muscle exercise, high altitude hypoxia, Non-respiratory lung functions; Respiration in birds, Functional morphology of nephrons, factors determining filtration pressure, determination of glomerular, filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow – Re-absorption mechanisms for glucose, protein, amino acids, electrolytes; ammonium mechanism, glomerulo-tubular balance, methods of studying renal functions; urine concentration; micturition, uremia; Fluid, water balance, fluid therapy, dehydration, water concentration mechanisms; Acid base balance and H+ regulation, correction and evolution of imbalances, total osmotic pressure; Formation and excretion of urine of Birds; Cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluids – composition, formation and flow; regulation of bone metabolism and homeostasis; Hormone cell interaction, sub-cellular mechanisms-metabolism of hormones-methods of study of
   endocrine system; Receptors- mechanism of regulation; Chemistry of hypothalamo- hypophyseal hormones, target organ, pineal, thyroid, thymus, pancreas, adrenal, prostaglandins, hormones of calcium metabolism, disorders, rennin-angiotensin system, atrial natriuretic factors, erythropoietin, GI hormones, pheromones, Genetic and endocrine control of gonadal development, modification of gonadotrophin release, ovarian functions, follicular development, dynamics, endocrine and receptor profiles, sexual receptivity, ovarian cycle, post-partum ovarian activity, ovum transport, capacitation, fertilization, reproductive cycles in farm animals- hormones present in the biological fluids during pregnancy and their uses for the diagnosis of pregnancy- maternal foetal placental participation in pregnancy and parturition, immunology of gestation, preparturient endocrine status; Spermatogenic
   cycle and wave- function of sertoli cell-leydig cell-semen – composition- evaluation; Testosterone -function and regulation – cryptorchidism; Puberty – photoperiod – uses of androgens, progestogens, estrogens, Functional and metabolic organization of mammary glands – structure and development; effect of estrogens and progesterone; hormonal control of mammary growth; lactogenesis and galctogenesis; biosynthesis of milk constituents secretion of milk, and metabolism, prolactin and lactation cycle, Biochemical and genetic determinants of growth, regulation of growth, metabolic and hormone interactions, factors affecting efficiency of growth and production in ruminants and
   single stomach animals, Growth in meat producing animals and birds, growth curves, Recombinant gene transfer technologies for growth manipulation- advantages and limitations; Protein deposition in animals and poultry, Heat balance, heat tolerance, hypothermia, hyperthermia, thermo-regulation in farm animals, role of skin, responses of animals to heat and cold, fever, body temperature and hibernation, Temperature regulation in birds, Climatology various parameters and their importance, Effect of different environmental variables like temperature, humidity, light, radiation, altitude on animal performance, acclimatization – general adaptive syndrome, Clinical aspects of endocrine – reproductive functions, circadian rhythm, Neurophysiology of behaviours, types of behaviour,
   communication, Learning and memory behavioural plasticity.
3. VETERINARY BIOCHEMISTRY
   Structure of Biological Membranes and Transport across Membranes, Donnan Membrane quilibrium;
   Dissociation of Acids, pH, Buffer Systems, Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation; Biochemistry of Carbohydrates: Biological Significance of Important Monosaccharides(Ribose, Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Mannose and Amino Sugars), Disaccharides (Maltose, Isomaltose, Lactose, Sucrose and Cellobiose), Polysaccharides, (Starch, Dextrins, Dextrans, Glycogen, Cellulose, Inulin, Chitin), and Mucopolysaccharides Including Bacterial Cell Wall Polysaccharides; Biochemistry of lipids: Properties and biological significance of simple, compound and derived lipids and lipoproteins, Fat indices, Structure and functions of prostaglandins, Classification, Structure, Properties and Biological significance of proteins, Amino acids: Structure and classification; Physical and chemical properties
   of amino acids – amphoteric nature, optical activity, and peptide bond formation; Biochemistry of nucleic acids: Chemistry of purines, pyrimidines, nucleosides and nucleotides; Structures and functions of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and a typical ribonucleic acid (RNA), Enzymes: Definition and classification; Coenzymes, cofactors and isoenzymes; Protein nature, enzyme substrate complex formation, modern concept of the active center of enzyme; Specificity of enzyme action: Substrate specificity, group specificity, stereo or optical specificity; Factors influencing enzyme action: Effects of temperature, pH, concentration of substrate and enzyme; Enzyme units: International Units, katal, turnover number and specific activity, Enzyme inhibition: Competitive, non-competitive, uncompetitive inhibition and suicidal inhibition; Allosteric enzymes, Biological oxidation: Enzymes and coenzymes involved in oxidation and reduction; Respiratory chain or electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, inhibitors, uncouplers and other factors influencing electron transport chain, Carbohydrate metabolism: Glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, HMP shunt, gluconeogenesis, Cori cycle, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, Bioenergetics of carbohydrate metabolism; Lipid metabolism: Beta oxidation of fatty acids, ketone body formation, biosynthesis of fatty acids; Bioenergetics of lipid metabolism, Protein metabolism: Biosynthesis and Degradation; Deamination, transamination
   and decarboxylation of amino acids, Ammonia transport and urea cycle, Nucleic acid metabolism: Metabolism of purines and pyrimidines; DNA and RNA biosynthesis and regulation, Regulation and Integration of metabolism, Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism: Diabetes mellitus, Ketosis, Bovine Ketosis, Pregnancy toxemia, hypoglycaemia in baby pigs, hyperinsulinism in Dogs; Hormonal control of carbohydrate metabolism and regulation of blood sugar, tests for the detection of disturbance in carbohydrate metabolism; Plasma Proteins and clinical significance, Proteins and Dysproteinemias, Acute Phase proteins, Lipid Profile in disease diagnosis; Diagnostic importance of non-functional plasma enzymes and Isoenzymes, Liver function tests – Classification -Biochemical tests for differential diagnosis; Biochemical tests of renal function – Urine analysis – Role of BUN, Uric acid and
   Creatinine in diagnosis; Disturbance in acid base balance and its diagnosis, Biochemistry of oxidative stress and shock, Detoxification in the body: Metabolism of xenobiotics, General reactions for biotransformation of different groups of substances, Cytochrome p450 system of enzymes.
4. ANIMAL GENETICS AND BREEDING
   Introduction and importance of statistics and biostatistics; Classification and tabulation of data; Parameter,
   Statistic and Observation; Graphical and diagrammatic representation of data; Measures of Central tendency (simple
   and grouped data); Measures of Dispersion (simple and grouped data); Probability and probability distributions:
   Binomial, Poisson and Normal; Moments, Skewness and Kurtosis; Correlation and Regression; Introduction of
   sampling methods; Tests of hypothesis- t and Z- tests, Chi-square test; Design of experiment- Completely
   randomized design (CRD), Randomized block design (RBD); Analysis of variance and F-test of significance;
   Introduction to Non-parametric tests; Introduction to computer languages; Data Base Management; Review of MSOffice and its components (MS-Word, Excel, Power Point and Access); Analysis of data using MS-Excel; Concepts
   of computer networks, internet & e-mail; Animal Genetics: History of Genetics; Mitosis and Meiosis; Chromosome
   numbers and types in livestock and poultry, Overview of Mendelian principles; Modified Mendelian inheritance;
   Pleiotropy, Penetrance and expressivity; Multiple alleles; lethals; sex-linked, sex limited and sex influenced
   inheritance; Sex determination; Linkage, crossing over and construction of linkage map; Mutation, Chromosomal
   aberrations; Cytogenetics, Extra-chromosomal inheritance; Molecular genetics, nucleic acids-structure and function;
   Gene concept, DNA and its replication; Introduction tomolecular techniques; Population Genetics: Introduction to
   population genetics; individual vors population; Genetic structure of population: Gene and genotypic frequency;
   Hardy – Weinberg law and its application; Forces changing gene and genotypic frequencies (eg Mutation, migration,
   selection and drift); Quantitative vors qualitative genetics; concept of average effect and breeding value;
   Components of Variance; Concept of correlation and interaction between Genotype and Environment; Heritability
   and Repeatability; Genetic and Phenotypic Correlations; History of Animal Breeding; Classification of breeds;
   Economic characters of livestock and poultry and their importance; Selection, types of selection, response to
   selection and factors affecting it; Bases of selection: individual, pedigree, family, sib, progeny and combined,
   indirect selection; Method of selection, Single and Multi trait; Classification of mating systems; Inbreeding
   coefficient and coefficient of relationship; Genetic and phenotypic consequences of inbreeding, inbreeding
   depression, application of inbreeding; Out breeding and its different forms; Genetic and phenotypic consequences of
   outbreeding, application of outbreeding, heterosis; Systems of utilization of heterosis; Selection for combining
   ability (RS and RRS); Breeding strategies for the improvement of dairy cattle and buffalo; Breeding strategies for
   the improvement of sheep, goat, swine and poultry; Sire evaluation; Open nucleus breeding system (ONBS);
   Development of new breeds or strains; Current livestock and poultry breeding policies and programmes in the state
   and country; Methods of conservation- livestock and poultry conservation programmes in the state and country;
   Application of reproductive and biotechnological tools for genetic improvement of livestock and poultry; Breeding
   for disease resistance; Breeding of pet, zoo and wild animals: Classification of dog and cat breeds; Pedigree sheet,
   selection of breeds and major breed traits; Breeding management of dogs and cats; Common pet birds seen in India
   and their breeding management; Population dynamics and effective population size of wild animals in
   captivityorzooornatural habitats; Planned breeding of wild animals; Controlled breeding and assisted reproduction;
   Breeding for conservation of wild animals.
5. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS TECHNOLOGY
   Retrospect and prospects of milk industry in India; Layout of milk processing plant and its management;
   Composition and nutritive value of milk and factors affecting composition of milk; Physico-chemical properties of
   milk; Microbiological deterioration of milk and milk products; Collection, chilling, standardization, pasteurization,
   UHT treatment, homogenization, bactofugation; Dried, dehydrated and fermented milk; Introduction to functional
   milk products; Preparation of cream, butter, paneer or channa, ghee, khoa, lassi, dahi, ice-cream, mozzarella cheese
   and dairy byproducts; Common defects of milk products and their remedial measures; Packaging, transportation,
   storage and distribution of milk and milk products; Good manufacturing practices and implementation of HACCP in
   milk plant; Organic milk products; Food safety standards for milk and milk products; Cleaning and sanitation in
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   milk plant; Dairy effluent management; Introduction to wool, fur, pelt and specialty fibers with respect to processing
   industry; Glossary of terms of wool processing; Basic structure and development of wool follicle; Post shearing
   operations of wool, classification and grading of wool, physical and chemical properties of wool; Impurity of wool,
   factors influencing the quality of wool; Brief outline of processing of wool; Layout and management of rural, urban
   and modern abattoirs; HACCP concepts in abattoir management; FSSA standards on organization and layout of
   abattoirs; Animal welfare and pre-slaughter care, handling and transport of meat animals including poultry;
   Procedures of Ante-mortem and post mortem examination of meat animals; Slaughtering and dressing of meat
   animals and birds; Emergency and casualty slaughter; Evaluation, grading and fabrication of dressed carcasses
   including poultry; Abattoir byproducts; rendering, meat, bone, glue, gelatin, fat and byproducts of pharmaceutical
   value; Skin and hides; methods of flaying, defects, preservation and tanning; Treatment of condemned meat and
   carcasses; Management of effluent emanating from abattoir; Prospect of meat industry in India; Structure and
   composition of muscle (including poultry muscle); Conversion of muscle to meat; Nutritive value of meat;
   Fraudulent substitution of meat; Preservation of meat and poultry; drying, salting, curing, smoking, chilling,
   freezing, canning, irradiation and chemicals; Ageing of meat; Modern processing technologies of meat and meat
   products; Packaging of meat and meat products; Formulation and development of meat; kabab, sausages, meat balls
   or patties, tandoori chicken, soup, pickles; Fermentation of meat products; Physico-chemical and microbiological
   quality of meat and their products; Basics of sensory evaluation of meat products; Nutritive value, preservation,
   packaging of egg and egg products; Laws governing national or international trade in meat and meat products;
   Organic and genetically modified meat and poultry products.
6. VETERINARY AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY EXTENSION EDUCATION
   History of domestication and their social dimensions; Evolution and relationship between agriculture and
   animal husbandry; Farming and characteristics of farming in India; Classification of farming, types and systems;
   Peasant farming, cooperative farming, collective farming, contract farming, estate farming, organic farming,
   capitalistic farming, small-scale farming, large-scale farming, intensive, extensive farming, specialized, diversified,
   mixed, integrated and dry land farming; Role of animals in the contemporary society; Early extension efforts in
   India; Types of education: Formal, non-formal and informal education; Extension education: Concept, levels,
   objectives and dimensions; Principles, philosophy and functions of extension education; Teaching learning process
   and steps in extension teaching; Concept of need and its types; Rural development – Concept, significance and
   importance of rural development programmes for poverty alleviation; Problems and Issues in development;
   Panchayati Raj System; Concept of sociology and rural sociology in animal husbandry extension; Culture:
   definition, elements, change, impact on production systems; Basic sociological concepts – society, community and
   association; Rural society: characteristics and differences among society, community and culture; Characteristics
   and differences among tribal, rural and urban communities; Social control: concept and means of social control
   (techniques, folkways, taboos, mores and laws); Social stratification: definition, forms and characteristics (caste
   system and class system); Social institutions in rural society: Social, economic, political, religious and educational
   (definition, composition and function); Social change: concept, importance and factors; Social groups: different
   groups, classification of social groups and their characteristics; Leadership: definition, functions of leader, types of
   rural leaders, Key communicators and their role in the animal husbandry extension; Technology- Concept,
   generation process, application, merits and de-merits; Adoption and diffusion of innovations, stages of adoption,
   adopter categories, innovation decision process, attributes of innovations, diffusion process, factors affecting
   adoption and diffusion processes; Programme planning- principles, objectives and steps; Evaluation of extension
   programme, constraints in the adoption of scientific animal husbandry practices; Role of extension agents in
   diffusion of livestock innovations; Cattle and buffalo improvement programmes: Key Village Scheme, Intensive
   Cattle Development Project, Gosadan and Gaushala; Dairy development programmes: concept of cooperation,
   Rochdale principles of cooperation, objectives of cooperative, Amul pattern of dairy cooperative system and
   Operation Flood; Transfer of technology projects of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR): Krishi Vigyan
   Kendra (KVK), Agricultural Technology Information Centre (ATIC), Agricultural Technology Management
   Agency (ATMA), National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP), Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) etc;
   Different ongoing central and state government animal husbandry development programmes being run related to
   sheep, goat, poultry, piggery, fodder production etc.; Communication and its functions; Basic concepts:
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   communication fidelity, communication gap, time lag in communication, empathy, homophily and heterophily,
   propaganda, publicity, persuasion and development communication; Types of communication: Intrapersonal,
   interpersonal, verbal, non- verbal, vertical, horizontal, organizational communication etc; Elements of
   communication: Communicator, message, channel, treatment of message, audience, and audience response
   (feedback); Barriers of communication; Individual contact methods: Farm and home visit, farmer’s call, personal
   letter, adaptive or minikit trial, farm clinic etc; Group contact methods: Result demonstration, method
   demonstration, group meeting, training, field day or farmers’ day, study tour etc; Mass contact methods: Farm
   publications (leaflet, folder, pamphlet, booklet, bulletin, farm magazine, newsletter etc.), mass meeting, campaign,
   exhibition, newspaper, radio, television, mobile short message service; Selection and use of extension teaching
   methods; Introduction to Economics and Livestock Economics: definition and scope (production, consumption,
   exchange and distribution); Basic concepts- wants, goods, wealth, utility, price, value, assets, capital, money,
   income etc; Important features of land, labour, capital and organization; Theories of demand, supply and cost;
   Theories of production (law of diminishing return, increasing return, constant return and return to scale); Concept of
   market: market, market structure and classification of markets; Market price and normal price, price determination
   under perfect competition in short and long run; Marketing functions: meaning and their classification (packaging,
   transportation, grading, standardization, storage and warehousing, processing and value addition, buying and selling,
   market information, financing, risk bearing, minimization of risks (speculation and hedging); Marketing agencies,
   institutions and channels for livestock and livestock products; Government interventions and role in marketing of
   livestock and livestock products; External trade in livestock products, recent policies on trade and international trade
   agreements and their implications in livestock sector; Definition of entrepreneur, entrepreneurship, enterprise and
   manager; Difference between entrepreneur and entrepreneurship, entrepreneur and enterprise, entrepreneur and
   manager; Theories of entrepreneurship: Sociological theory, economic theory, cultural theory, psychological theory;
   Types, characteristics and functions of an entrepreneur; Forms of entrepreneurship: (Sole proprietorship,
   partnership, corporation, cooperative, joint stock company, Private and Public Limited Company); Introduction to
   financial management: concept, function, analysis of financial statement, sources of capital (banks, venture capitals,
   etc.); Project appraisal- Introduction, importance, techno-economic feasibility, criteria of project evaluation
   (discounted and non-discounted), capital budgeting, etc.; Business plan for enterprise; Institutions promoting
   entrepreneurship in India; Entrepreneurship development programmes; Accounting: objectives, common terms;
   Personnel management-identification of work, job analysis, division of labour etc.; Resource managementorganization aspect of livestock farms, resources and procurement of inputs and financial resources, breakevenanalysis etc.; Strengths and limitations of ICTs application in livestock sector and farmers capacity building;
   Information kiosk, Elearning, CAD, virtual class room, virtual reality, multi-media etc; Cyber extension- problems
   and prospects in livestock extension; Computer networking: (LAN, MAN, WAN, Internet, tele-conferencing, teletext, radio-text, video-text, interactive cable distribution system, satellite communication, internet, www); Gender
   and animal husbandry- definition, difference between gender and sex, role of women in animal husbandry, gender
   sensitization, importance of gender sensitization in animal husbandry, need for gender analysis, gender budgeting
   and mainstreaming; Salient features of recent livestock census, livestock insurance scheme, national livestock
   mission; Sustainability- concept of sustainability of livestock production system (social, environmental and
   economic challenges faced); Introduction to environmental consequences of livestock rearing; Animal welfare:
   Introduction to animal welfare, ethics and rights; Importance of animal welfare in the contemporary society;
   Expectations from veterinary professionals.
7. VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
   Role of veterinarians in public health; One Health concept and initiatives; Veterinary Public Health
   administration; Sources of contamination; Principles and concepts of food hygiene and safety; Milk hygiene in
   relation to public health; Hygienic and safe milk production practices including steps for prevention and control of
   milk contamination, adulterants, antimicrobial residues, agrochemicals, subclinical mastitis or udder infections etc.;
   Microbial flora of milk and milk products; Milk plant and dairy equipment hygiene; Quality control of milk and
   milk products; Milk hygiene practices in India and other countries; Elements of meat inspection and meat hygiene
   practices; Pathological conditions associated with the transport of food animals; Hygiene in abattoirs and meat
   plants; Detection of conditionsor diseases and judgements during ante mortem and post mortem inspection;
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   Examination of lymph nodes; Meat as a source of disease transmission; Sources of contamination of meat and
   methods of carcass decontamination; Speciation of meat; Animal welfare and public health issues; Classification of
   low risk and high risk material generated in an abattoir and its hygienic disposal; Inspection of poultry for human
   consumption; Occupational health hazards in abattoir and meat plants; Foodborne infections and intoxications
   associated with foods of animal origin; Toxic residues (pesticides, antibiotics, metals and hormones) in foods and
   associated health hazards; Types of biohazards; Hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) system;
   Importance of ISO 9000 and 14000 series in meat industry; Risk analysis, assessment and management;
   International food safety standards: World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), World Trade Organization
   (WTO) agreements and Codex Alimentarius Commission; Sanitary and phytosanitary measures in relation to foods
   of animal origin; Food Safety and Standards Act and Regulations; Role of Food Safety and Standards Authority of
   India (FSSAI), Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and other national agencies; Definitions, components and aims of
   epidemiology; Factors influencing occurrence of livestock diseases and animal production; Determinants of disease;
   Transmission and maintenance of infections; Ecology of disease; Measures and patterns of disease occurrence;
   Survey and surveillance of animal diseases and related parameters; Epidemiological
   methods- Descriptive, analytical, experimental, theoretical, serological and molecular; Animal disease forecasting;
   Strategies of disease management: prevention, control and biosecurity; Economics of animal diseases; National and
   international regulations on livestock diseases; Role of OIE and laws on international trade of animals and animal
   products; Definition, history and socio-economic impact of zoonotic diseases; Classification of zoonoses and
   approaches to their management; Multisectoral approach for zoonoses prevention and control; Emerging, reemerging and occupational zoonoses; Role of domestic, wild, pet and laboratory animals and birds in transmission
   of zoonoses; Zoonotic pathogens as agents of bioterrorism; Epidemiology, clinical manifestations and management
   of the following zoonoses: Rabies, Japanese encephalitis, influenza, Kyasanur forest disease, Crimean Congo
   haemorrhagic fever, Nipah encephalitis, Ebola virus infection, anthrax, brucellosis, tuberculosis, leptospirosis,
   listeriosis, plague, glanders, Q fever, rickettsiosis, chlamydiosis, taeniasis, cysticercosis, hydatidosis, larva migrans,
   diphyllobothriasis, trichinellosis, toxoplasmosis, fasciolosis, paragonimiasis, sarcocystosis, cryptosporidiosis,
   amoebiasis, giardiasis, leishmaniasis, superficial and systemic mycosis and prion diseases; Foodborne bacterial
   zoonoses: salmonellosis, E. coli infection, staphylococcal gastroenteritis, clostridial food poisoning,
   campylobacteriosis etc.; Scope and importance; Ecosystem: Components structure and functions. Biodiversity: uses,
   threats and conservation; Natural resources: types, uses and abuses; Environmental contaminants in food chainbioaccumulation, biomagnifications and persistent organic pollutants; Environmental pollution: Sources, nature of
   pollutants, effects on animal and human health; Rural and urban pollution; Air pollution, sources and hazard; Air
   pollution in animal houses, effect on health and productivity; Airborne diseases – Classification, health hazard,
   prevention and control; Water-Sources, contamination & their prevention; Water qualities- Physical, chemical,
   bacteriological and radiological; Water purification methods for community water supplies; Waterborne diseases –
   Classification, health hazard, prevention and control; Soil, marine and thermal pollution- Classification, sources,
   hazard, prevention and control; Noise pollution – Sources, hazards, prevention and control; Nuclear hazardsor
   radiological hazard-Types, hazards and radiation protection; National rules and legislations related to environmental
   pollution and role of pollution control board in India; Biosafety: Importance, classification and biosafety measures
   for prevention of risk hazards; Disaster management and mitigation; Solid and liquid waste management at farms
   and biomedical waste management; Sanitation and disinfection of farm and hospital environment in veterinary
   public practice for infection control; Global warming and greenhouse effect-Definition, greenhouse gases, impact of
   climate change and international treaties or protocols; Management of waste from animal industries; Stray and fallen
   animal management and carcass disposal; Vector and reservoir control.
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   Part II (60 marks)
8. Veterinary Anatomy
   Introduction to anatomy and branches of anatomy and descriptive terms used in anatomy and study of
   anatomical planes, properties and structure of bone, classification of bones, joints, structure of diarthrodial joints,
   classification of muscles, etymology of muscles, description of tendon, ligaments, aponeurosis, synovial bursa and
   synovial sheath, Structure of heart, systemic and pulmonary circulations, lymphatic and venous systems, parts of
   central, peripheral and autonomic nervous system and sense organs, formation of spinal nerve, structure of
   meninges, brain, spinal cord, Different surface regions, joint regions, palpable Bony areas or prominences of the
   body of the animal, Palpable Lymph nodes, sites for collection of Bone marrow and Cerebrospinal fluid,
   venipuncture, boundaries of thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities, topography of different organs of digestive,
   respiratory, urinary, endocrine, male and female reproductive systems of domestic animals and fowl, bones of fore
   limb of ox and differences in horse, dog, pig and fowl, structure of hoof of ox and horse, joints, ligaments, stay
   apparatus, major blood vessels, nerves, veins and lymph nodes of fore limb, sites for Radial, Median, Ulnar and
   Volar nerve blocks, cranial and facial bones, cervical vertebrae of ox and differences in horse, dog, pig and fowl,
   boundaries of the oral, orbital, nasal and cranial cavities, paranasal sinuses in ox, horse, dog and pig, articulations
   and special ligaments of the head and neck; Muscles of face, mastication, eye, ear, tongue, pharynx, soft palate,
   hyoid and larynx, anatomy of teeth, hard and soft palate, tongue, pharynx, larynx, thyroid, parathyroid and salivary
   glands and differences in horse, dog, pig and fowl, anatomy of cranial nerves, blood vessels and lymph nodes of
   head and neck regions, boundaries of jugular furrow and structures of carotid sheath along with neck muscles,
   anatomy of sense organs, trachea and oesophagus, age determination by Dentition, sites for Tracheotomy,
   Esophagotomy, Ligation of Stensons duct and Mental, Mandibular, Maxillary, Cornual, Infraorabital, Supraorbital
   (frontal), Orbital and Auriculopalpebral nerve blocks and surgical approach to guttural pouches in horse; Importance
   of Cornual nerve and superficial Temporal artery in Amputation of Horn in cattle, Anatomy of thoracic vertebrae,
   ribs and sternum of ox and differences in horse, dog, pig and fowl; Study of joints, special ligaments, blood vessels,
   nerves, lymph vessels and lymph nodes of thorax; Study of organs of thorax i.e.trachea, thymus, oesophagus, lungs
   and differences in horse, dog, pig and fowl, pleura, its reflections and mediastinum; Areas of auscultation and
   percussion of heart and lungs and site for Paracentesis Thoracis, Anatomy of abdomen of ox and differences in
   horse, dog, pig and fowl, blood and nerve supply to abdominal viscera, peritoneal reflections, organs of digestive,
   urinary, male and female reproductive systems present in abdomen and differences in horse, dog, pig and fowl,
   anatomy of mammary glands in cow and differences in mare, bitch and sow; Study of spleen of ox and differences
   in horse, dog, pig and fowl; Study of major veins, lymph vessels, lymph nodes and endocrine glands of abdomen,
   boundaries and Clinical importance of the flank and Para Lumbar Fossa; bones of hind limb and pelvis of ox and
   differences in horse, dog, pig and fowl,joints, ligaments, blood vessels, lymph nodes and nerves of hind limb, pelvis
   and tail region and pelvic viscera, pelvic peritoneal reflections, organs of digestive, urinary, male and female
   reproductive systems present in pelvic cavity and differences in horse, dog, pig and fowl, boundaries of the inguinal
   canal and structures of the spermatic cord, pre pubic tendon and its importance, anatomy of external genital organs,
   sites for Tibial, Peroneal ,Plantar and Pudic nerve blocks, Patellar desmotomy, Urethrotomy, Castration, Vasectomy,
   cranial and caudal epidural anaesthesia, Cytology, cell junctions, study of basic tissues i.e. epithelial, connective,
   muscular and nervous tissues, blood and bone marrow, microscopic structures of digestive, circulatory, urinary,
   respiratory, nervous, lymphatic, endocrine, male and female genital systems and mammary glands of domestic
   animals; Study of microscopic structure of sense organs i.e. eye, ear and integument, introduction to embryology,
   gametogenesis, fertilization, cleavage, types of eggs, morula, blastulation, gastrulation, types of implantation,
   twinning, formation of foetal membranes in mammals and birds, Placenta and its classification, different germ layers
   and their derivatives, dvelopment of organs of digestive system including tongue, teeth, salivary glands, liver and
   pancreas, development of organs of respiratory, urinary, circulatory, lymphatic, nervous, musculoskeletal, male and
   female reproductive systems, endocrine glands, sense organs i.e. eye and ear.
9. VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY
   Introduction and history of Microbiology; Classification and nomenclature of bacteria; Microscopy and
   Micrometry; Bacterial stains and techniques; Structure and morphology of bacteria; Growth and nutritional
   requirement of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria; Normal, opportunistic and saprophytic bacterial flora: Types and
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   sources of infection, method of transmission of infection; Pathogenicity, virulence, determinants of virulence,
   Epizootic and enzootic diseases, bacteremia, septicaemia and toxaemia, endotoxins, exotoxins, antitoxins, toxoids;
   Bacterial genetics (Mutation, Transformation, Transduction and Conjugation), plasmids and antibiotic resistance,
   Isolation, growth, cultural, morphological, biochemical and antigenic characteristics, epidemiology and
   pathogenesis, pathogenicity, diagnosis, prevention and control of bacterial diseases caused by Staphylococcus;
   Streptococcus; Corynebacterium, Trueperella,Rhodococcus; Listeria and Erysepelothrix; Bacillus;Mycobacterium;
   Clostridium, Actinomyces, Nocardia, Streptomyces and Dermatophilus; Family Enterobacteriaceae (E. coli,
   Klebsiella, Salmonella, Yersinia, Proteus); Pseudomonas and Burkholderia; Pasteurella, Mannheimia,
   Actinobacillus and Haemophilus, Brucella; Vibrio; Campylobacter; Bordetella and Moraxella; Gram negative
   anaerobes: Bacteriodes, Dichlobacteria and Fusobacterium; Leptospira and other Spirochaetes;Mycoplasma,
   Coxiella, Neorickettsia, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Rickettsia; Chlamydia and Chlamydophila; Emerging, re-emerging
   and transboundry bacterial pathogens; classification, general properties of fungi; Growth and Reproduction of fungi;
   isolation, growth, morphological, cultural, biochemical and antigenic characteristics, epidemiology, pathogenesis,
   diagnosis and control of fungal diseases caused by following genera: Candida and Cryptococcus; Aspergillus;
   Penicillium; Dermatophytes and Malassezia; Dimorphic fungi, Rhinosporidium and Sporotrichum; Mycetoma and
   Zygomycetes; Mycotic mastitis and mycotic abortion; Mycotoxicoses; Basic concepts and scope of Recombinant
   DNA technology; Gene cloning, Cloning vectors and expression vectors; Transformation and transfection; Southern,
   Northern and Western blotting; Bioinformatics, Gene banks; Application of molecular and biotechnological
   techniques: Polymerase chain reaction, Nucleic acid hybridization, DNA library, DNA sequencing and DNA
   fingerprinting; IPR; Ethics and regulatory issues in Animal Biotechnology; History of Immunology; Lymphoid
   organs, tissues and Cells: Types of Immunity; Antigens, hapten, epitope, Specificity, T dependent and T
   independent Antigens, heterophile Antigens, cross reacting Antigens, blood group Antigens, Mitogens and factors
   affecting immunogenicity; Adjuvants; Antibody: Structure, physiochemical properties and functions of various
   classes of immunoglobulins, Theories of antibody production; Hybridoma and monoclonal antibodies, Serological
   reactions; Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) structure, function and gene organization; Structure of BCR
   and TCR; Antigen processing and presentation; Complement system: activation pathways and biological
   consequences; Cytokines: general properties, major types and function; Hypersensitivity: classification and
   mechanism of induction; Autoimmunity; Immunotolerance; Concept of Immunity to Microbes, Vaccines and other
   biological; Structure of Viruses; Classification of Viruses; Viral Replication; Genetic and Non-genetic viral
   interactions; Virus-Cell Interactions; Viral Pathogenesis, Oncogenesis, latency and immunopathology; Studies on
   General Properties, Antigens, Cultivation, Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, Clinical Signs, Diagnosis, Prevention and
   Control of following Viruses and Prions Causing Diseases in Livestock and Poultry: Birnaviridae: Infectious bursal
   disease virus; Reoviridae: Rotaviruses, Bluetongue virus, African horse sickness virus; Paramyxoviridae: Newcastle
   disease virus, Canine distemper virus, PPR virus; Rhabdoviridae: Rabies virus, Ephemeral fever virus,
   Bornaviridae: Borna virus; Orthomyxoviridae: Swine, Equine, Avian Influenza Viruses; Coronaviridae: Infectious
   Bronchitis virus, Transmissible gastroenteritis virus; Arterivirdae: Equine viral arteritis virus, Picornaviridae: FMD
   virus, Duck viral hepatitis virus; Caliciviridae: Feline calici Virus, Togaviridae: Equine encephalomyelitis viruses;
   Flaviviridae: Swine fever virus, BVD virus; Retroviridae: Visna or maedi virus, Equine infectious anemia virus,
   Lymphoid leucosis virus, Bovine leukemia virus; Poxviridae: Capripoxvirus, Avipoxvirus, Cowpoxvirus;
   Asfarviridae: African Swine Fever Virus; Herpesviridae: Bovine herpes viruses, Equine Herpes viruses, Infectious
   laryngotracheitis virus, Marek’s disease virus, Pseudorabies virus, Malignant Catarrhal Fever virus; Duck Plague
   virus, Adenoviridae: Infectious Canine Hepatitis virus, Egg Drop Syndrome virus, Fowl adenovirus,
   Papillomaviridae: Papillomatosis, Parvoviridae: Canine parvoviruses, Feline panleucopenia virus; Circoviridae:
   Chicken Anemia Virus: Prions: Scrapie, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Emerging, re-emerging and
   transboundry viruses and Viral Infections.
10. VETERINARY PATHOLOGY
    Major intrinsic and extrinsic causes of disease; Haemodynamic disorders (hyperaemia, congestion,
    haemorrhage, oedema, thrombosis, embolism and infarction); Glycogen overload, amyloidosis and fatty changes;
    Reversible and irreversible cell injury- degenerations, necrosis and its types, apoptosis, differences between postmortem autolysis and necrosis, gangrene and its types; Major exogenous and endogenous pigments; Metastatic and
    11
    dystrophic calcification; Photosensitization; Disturbances in growth (Aplasia, hypoplasia, atrophy, hypertrophy,
    hyperplasia, metaplasia and dysplasia); Inflammation: Definitions, classification, various cell types and their
    functions, mediators, cardinal signs and systemic effects; Wound healing by primary and secondary intention
    including growth factors; Immunopathology in brief (immunodeficiency, hypersensitivity and autoimmunity);
    Pathological changes affecting Digestive, Respiratory, Musculoskeletal, Cardiovascular, Haematopoietic,
    Lymphoid, Urinary, Reproductive, Nervous, Endocrine systems, Skin and Appendages, Ear and Eye; Animal
    Oncology: Definitions, general characteristics and classification of neoplasms; Differences between benign and
    malignant tumours, aetiology, carcinogenesis and spread of neoplasms, tumour immunity, effects and diagnosis of
    tumours, staging and grading of neoplasms; Pathology of various types of tumours in domestic animals (epithelial,
    connective tissue, hematopoietic tissue etc.); Haematology – Different anticoagulant used in haematology,
    interpretation of blood tests (haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count, erythrocytic indices,
    erythrocytic sedimentation rate, total leukocyte count, absolute count of different leucocytes), blood smear
    examination and its interpretation; Urinalysis- Interpretation of physical, chemical and microscopic examination of
    urine; Study of biopsy and cytology including exfoliative cytology as rapid diagnostic techniques; objectives of
    necropsy, pre-necropsy guidelines, procedure for post mortem examination of various species of animals including
    wild animals, post mortem changes, collection, preservation and dispatch of specimens (morbid materials) for
    laboratory examination, writing of post mortem report, veterolegal necropsy, veterolegal wounds; Pathology of viral
    infections: Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology of foot and mouth disease, Rinderpest, malignant
    catarrhal fever, blue tongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhoea, Peste des Petitis (PPR), equine
    infectious anaemia, equine influenza, equine viral arteritis, equine rhinopneumonitis, classical swine fever, swine
    influenza, rabies, canine distemper, infectious canine hepatitis, canine parvovirus infection, feline panleukopenia,
    maedi, jaagziekte, pox virus diseases in different animals; Vesicular stomatitis, vesicular exanthema, equine
    encephalomyelitis, diseases caused by rota and corona viruses; Pathology of prion diseases (scrapie, bovine and
    feline spongiform encephalopathies); Pathology of bacterial infections: Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic
    pathology of tuberculosis, Johne’s disease, actinomycosis, actinobacillosis, anthrax, clostridial group of diseases
    (black quarter, black disease, enterotoxaemia, braxy, botulism tetanus), streptococosis including strangles in horses,
    staphylococosis, glanders, pasteurellosis, leptospirosis, listeriosis, swine erysipelas, brucellosis, corynebacterium
    infections (caseous lymphadenitis, pseudotuberculosis), campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, and colibacillosis
    including oedema disease in pigs, and necrobacillosis); Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology of
    mycoplasma infection (contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, porcine enzootic
    pneumonia), diseases of chlamydial group, Q-fever, anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis; Pathogenesis, gross and
    microscopic pathology of superficial and deep mycoses – ringworm (dermatophytosis), aspergillosis, zygomycosis,
    histoplasmosis, cryptococosis, rhinosporidiosis and candidiasis; Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology of
    aflatoxicosis, ochratoxicosis, trichothecosis, Degnala disease and ergotoxicosis; Pathogenesis, gross and
    microscopic pathology of fasciolosis, babesiosis, theileriosis and trypanosomosis; Avian Inflammation,
    Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology of Ranikhet disease, infectious bursal disease, infectious bronchitis,
    infectious laryngotracheitis, fowl pox, avian influenza, Marek’s disease, leukosisorsarcoma group of diseases,
    reticuloendotheliosis, avian encephalomyelitis, inclusion body hepatitis, hydropericardium syndrome, chicken
    infectious anaemia, avian nephritis, egg drop syndrome, reovirus infections; Pathogenesis of Bacterial Diseases of
    poultry; Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology of important Mycoplasma infections of avian species, Gross
    and microscopic pathology (in brief) of helminthic diseases (flukes, cestodes, nematodes), protozoal diseases
    (coccidiosis, histomoniasis), ectoparasites; Gross and microscopic pathology of nutritional imbalances due to
    carbohydrates, proteins, minerals and vitamins; Miscellaneous diseases (Heat stroke, vent gleet, internal layer, false
    layer, pendulous crop, breast blister, ascites syndrome, fatty liver and kidney syndrome, fatty liver syndrome, cage
    layer fatigue, gout, hemorrhagic syndrome, round heart disease, impaction of oviduct, egg bound condition, bumble
    foot) and common vices; Pathology of important diseases of rats, mice, and guinea pigs (Tyzzer’s disease,
    Pseudotuberculosis, Salmonellosis, Infectious ectromelia, Infantile diarrhea, Murine hepatitis virus, Lymphocytic
    choriomeningitis); Pathology of important diseases of rabbits (Pasteurellosis, Blue breasts, Treponematosis,
    Enterotoxaemia, Rabbit pox , Infectious myxomatosis, Papillomatosis , Coccidiosis, Mite infestation); Gross and
    microscopic pathology of important diseases of wild animals (West Nile Fever, Rabies, FMD, Pox, Kyasanaur forest
    12
    disease, Infectious hepatitis virus, Anthrax, Tuberculosis, Colibacillosis, Clostridial infections Trypanosomosis,
    Babesiosis, Theileriosis, Nutritional deficiency diseases).
11. VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY
    Pharmacological terms and definitions, nomenclature of drugs; Principles of drug activity:
    Pharmacokinetics – Routes of drug administration, absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion of
    drugs; Pharmacodynamics – Concept of drug and receptor, dose-response relationship, terms related to drug activity
    and factors modifying the drug effect and dosage; Adverse drug reactions, drug interactions; Neurohumoral
    transmission, Pharmacology of neurotransmitters; Adrenoceptors agonists and antagonists, adrenergic neuron
    blockers, cholinoceptor agonists and antagonists; Autacoids: Histamine, histamine analogues and antihistaminic
    agents, 5-Hydroxytryptamine and its agonists and antagonists, eicosanoids, platelet activating factors, angiotensin,
    bradykinin and kallidin; Classification of drugs acting on CNS; History, mechanism and stages of general
    anaesthesia; Inhalant, intravenous and dissociative anaesthetics; Hypnotics and sedatives; psychotropic drugs,
    anticonvulsants, opioid analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, analeptics and other CNS stimulants;
    Drugs acting on somatic nervous system: Local anaesthetics, muscle relaxants; Euthanizing agents; Drugs acting on
    digestive system: Stomachics, antacids and antiulcers, prokinetics, carminatives, antizymotics, emetics, antiemetics,
    purgatives, antidiarrhoeals, choleretics and cholagogues; Rumen pharmacology; Drugs acting on cardiovascular
    system: Cardiotonics and cardiac stimulants, antiarrhythmic drugs, vasodilators and antihypertensive agents,
    haematopoietic drugs, coagulants and anticoagulants; Drugs acting on respiratory system: Expectorants and
    antitussives, respiratory stimulants, bronchodilators and mucolytics; Drugs acting on urogenital system: Diuretics,
    drugs affecting urinary pH and tubular transport of drugs, ecbolics and tocolytics; Pharmacological basis of fluid
    therapy; Pharmacotherapeutics of hormones; Drugs acting on skin and mucous membranes: Emollients, demulcents
    and counter irritants; Introduction and historical developments of chemotherapy; Antimicrobial agents:
    Classification, general principles in antimicrobial chemotherapy, antimicrobial resistance, combined antimicrobial
    therapy; Sulphonamides and their combination with diaminopyrimidines; Penicillins, cephalopsorins, cephamycins
    and other beta lactams, beta lactamase inhibitors; Aminoglycosides and aminocyclitols, tetracyclines, amphenicols
    (chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, florfenicol), macrolides, quinolones and fluoroquinolones, polypeptides
    (polymixins, bacitracin) and glycopeptides antibiotics, Miscellaneous agents: Lincosamides, novobiocin,
    virginiamycin, tiamulin, nitrofurans and methenamine, Antitubercular drugs; Antifungal agents: Topical and
    systemic agents including anti-fungal antibiotics; Antiviral and anticancer agents; Anthelmintics: Drugs used against
    nematodes, cestodes, trematodes; Antiprotozoal agents: Drugs used in trypanosomosis, theileriosis, babesiosis,
    coccidiosis, amoebiosis, giardiosis and trichomoniasis; Ectoparasiticides; Antiseptics and disinfectants;
    Pharmacology of drugs of abuse in animals; Pharmacology of indigenous medicinal plants: Scientific name,
    common name, active principles, pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses of Ginger, ocimum, neem, piper
    longum, withania, leptadenia, tinospora, embilica, eucalyptus, glycerrhiza, trichospermum, curcuma, adhantoda,
    butea, aloes, sena, rheubarb, catechu etc.; General Toxicology: Definitions, history of toxicology, fundamentals and
    scope of toxicology; Sources and classification of toxicants, factors modifying toxicity, general approaches to
    diagnosis and treatment of poisoning; Toxicity caused by metals and non-metals: Arsenic, lead, mercury, copper,
    molybdenum, selenium, phosphorus, fluoride, nitrates or nitrites, chlorate, common salt and urea; Poisonous plants:
    Cyanogenetic plants, abrus, ipomoea, datura, nux vomica, castor, oxalate producing plants, plants causing thiamine
    deficiency, plants causing photosensitization and lathyrism, oleander, and cotton; Toxicity caused by
    Agrochemicals: Insecticides – Chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, newer
    insecticides; Herbicides, fungicides and rodenticides; Fungal and bacterial toxins: Aflatoxins, rubratoxin,
    ochratoxin, sporidesmin, citrinin, F-2 toxin, trichothecenes, ergot, fescue, botulinum toxin and tetanus toxin;
    Venomous bites and stings: Snake, scorpion, spider, bees and wasp, toad and fishes (puffer fish, shellfish); Toxicity
    caused by food additives and preservatives; Drug and pesticide residue toxicology; Environmental pollutants: Air
    and water pollutants; Concept of radiation hazards.
12. Veterinary Parasitology
    Importance of Parasitology in veterinary curriculum, types of parasites, Types of hosts and vectors, types of
    animal associations, modes of transmission of parasites and methods of dissemination of the infective stages of the
    parasites, International code of Zoological Nomenclature: Rules and regulations, Standard Nomenclature of Animal
    13
    Parasitic Diseases (SNOAPAD), Immunity against parasitic infections or infestation, natural and acquired immunity,
    premunity, sterile immunity, autoimmunity, passive immunity, concomitant immunity and immune evasion by
    parasites, General harmful effects of parasites including various tissue reaction caused by parasites, General control
    measures against parasites, characters of various phyla of parasites, introduction, general account and classification,
    general life cycle with morphological features of their developmental stages, important morphological features, life
    cycles, modes of transmission, Pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis and general control measures trematode,
    nematode and arthropods affecting animals and birds, study of insecticideoracaricide resistance, Protozoa of
    veterinary importance: introduction, general account and classification, general life cycle of protozoa with
    morphological features of their developmental stages, differentiation from bacteria and rickettsia, important
    morphological features, life cycles, modes of transmission, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis and general
    control measures of the protozoan parasites of veterinary and zoonotic importance affecting animals and poultry.
13. VETERINARY SURGERY AND RADIOLOGY
    Historical perspective, Definitions, classification of surgery, tenets of Halsted; Pre-operative, intraoperative
    and post-operative considerations: History taking, physical examination, clinico-pathological testing, intraoperative
    and postoperative care; Sterilization and disinfection: Definitions, surgical sterilization, various methods of
    sterilization (Heat, chemical and radiations etc;), disinfections; Sutures: Definitions, suturing, factors influencing
    suturing, characteristics of an ideal suture material, types of suture material-absorbable and non-absorbable, surgical
    knots, various suture patterns-apposition, eversion, inversion and special; Treatment of acute and chronic
    inflammation: Use of anti-inflammatory drugs and proteolytic enzymes; Haemostasis (physical and chemical
    methods, systemic haemostats, surgical diathermy); Basic surgical affections: Definitions, classification, diagnosis
    and treatment of abscess, tumour, cyst, hernia, haematoma, necrosis, gangrene, burn and scald, frost bite and
    surgical affections of muscles, artery and vein, sinus and fistula; Wounds: Definition, classification, examination
    and diagnosis, general principles for treatment of aseptic, contaminated and septic wounds, healing and factors
    affecting wound healing, complications of wounds and their remedies; Surgical infection; their prevention and
    management: Classification of infection, Introduction to biomaterials and stem cell therapy in wound management;
    Management of surgical shock; Principles of fluid therapy in surgical patients; Development of anaesthesiology,
    Terminology, classification and indications; General considerations of anaesthesia: Factors affecting anaesthesia and
    selection of anaesthetic technique, factors modifying uptake, distribution and elimination, patient evaluation,
    categories of patients according to physical status, selection of anaesthetic agent and patient preparation; Pain and its
    management in animals Local and regional anaesthesia: Definitions, local anaesthetics, mechanism of action
    Premedication, properties and use of different preanaesthetics: Uses of premedication, Anticholinergic, sedatives
    and tranquilizers (Phenothiazine derivatives, Benzodiazepines, Butyrophenones, Narcotic analgesics, Alpha-2
    agonists, dosage chart of all the drugs; General anaesthesia: Definitions, methods of induction of anaesthesia,
    Intravenous anaesthetics (Total intravenous anaesthesia), monitoring of anaesthesia;
    Inhalation anaesthesia: Advantages of inhalant anaesthetics, types of inhalant anaesthetics their properties and effect
    on various systems, methods of administration of inhalant anaesthesia; Dissociative anaesthesia: Definition, drugs,
    clinical application, properties and effect on various body systems; Avian, wild, zoo, exotics and lab animal
    anaesthesia and capture myopathy Anaesthetic emergencies and management, Toxicity, antidote and reversal agents;
    Introduction to Radiology-General terminology of radiology, Physical properties of X-Rays, Scope and uses of
    Radiology, Directional terms for veterinary radiology; Production of X-rays and factors influencing production of
    X-rays; Radiation hazards and safety measures- Scattered radiation, Biological effects of radiation, Direct and
    indirect effects, Early and late effects, Radiation sensitivity of different body cells, Radiation protection, General
    principles of radiation safety, Radiation monitoring devices, Requirement of an ideal radiographic section; The
    statutory requirements of radiology set-up as per Atomic Energy Regulatory Board of India (AERB); Production of
    quality diagnostic radiograph; Recording of image- Manual and digital processing of X-ray films, storage and
    retrieval system; Radiographic Quality and faults- Radiographic detail, density and contrast and factors affecting
    them, Radiographic faults, their possible causes and prevention; Contrast radiography- Definition, indications,
    contraindications and types of contrast radiography, Different contrast materials and their use, Techniques of some
    selected contrast radiography in animals(Barium swallow, Retrograde urography etc) Diagnostic ultrasonographyPrinciples, indications, techniques and artifacts of ultrasonography; Advanced diagnostic imaging tools- The brief
    14
    introduction to the use and limits of some advanced imaging techniques, Interventional radiology – CAT scanning,
    MRI; Head and Neck: Affections of lips, cleft palate, tongue, cheek, and their treatment: General anatomical
    considerations, avulsion of lip, cleft lip ranula, neoplasm and traumatic injuries; Affections of teeth and jaws and
    their treatment: General anatomical considerations, Developmental abnormalities, dental tartar, periodontal disease,
    overgrown molars, fractures and luxations of jaw; Affections of nose, face, ear, head and horn and their treatment:
    General anatomical considerations; Brachycephalic syndrome, Stenotic nostrils, nasal polyps, empyema of sinuses,
    fracture and avulsion of horn, horn cancer, aural haematoma, otitis; Affections of eye and their treatment: General
    anatomical considerations and examination of eye; Affections of eyelids and nictitating membrane and their
    treatment: entropion, ectropion, chalazion, sty, Cherry eye and traumatic injuries; Affections of lachrymal apparatus,
    eyeball and orbit and their treatment: occlusion of nasolacrimal duct, traumatic proptosis, panophthalmia, orbital
    neoplasms, glaucoma, eye worms; Affections of cornea, iris and lens and their treatment: corneal ulcers, corneal
    opacity, Kerato Conjunctivitis Sicca (KCS), prolapse of iris, corneal dermoid, corneal lacerations and perforations,
    cataract; Affections of guttural pouch, oesophagus and their treatment: General anatomical considerations;
    Empyema, tympanitis and Mycosis of guttural pouch, oesophageal diverticulum, megaoesophagus, achalasia and
    choke; Affections of glands of head and neck and their treatment: General anatomical considerations; Salivary
    mucocele, sialoliths, salivary fistula Affections of neck and their treatment: General anatomical considerations;
    Yoke gall, yoke abscess, fistulous withers, poll evil, torticollis; Affections of larynx and Trachea: Tracheal collapse,
    stenosis, roaring in horses, dorsal entrapment of soft palate in horses and camels, emergency tracheotomy;
    Management of ocular emergencies; Tracheotomy; Thoracic affections: Surgical approaches, perforated wounds,
    pyothorax, pneumothorax, pneumocele, Diaphragmatic hernia and traumatic pericarditis in cattle; Abdominal
    affections: Surgical approach to the abdomen in different animal species; Common surgical affections of the
    stomach in dogs and their management: dilation and torsion of stomach, gastric ulcerations, foreign bodies in the
    stomach, pyloric stenosis; etc Surgical affections of the stomach in large animal and their management: Ruminal
    impaction, traumatic reticulitis, omasal and abomasal impaction and abomasal displacement; Surgical affections of
    small intestines and their management: Intestinal obstruction, intussusception and strangulation (volvulus);
    Techniques of intestinal anastomosis; Surgical affections of large intestine and their management: Caecal dilatation
    and torsion, rectal prolapse, rectal and perineal tear, recto-vaginal fistula; Surgical affections of anus and perineal
    region and their management: Atresia-ani, anal stenosis, anal sac impaction; Other surgical affections of abdomen
    and their management: Perforating wounds and fistulae of abdomen, umbilical hernia, ventral abdominal hernia,
    inguinal and scrotal hernia, perineal hernia; Urinary system: Urolithiasis and its management; Urolithiasis in small
    and large animals; Patent urachus, ectopic ureter; Surgical management of equine colic; Genital system: Surgical
    affections of male genital system and their management, prostatic enlargement or hyperplasiaor neoplasm, Phimosis,
    paraphimosis, preputial prolapse, penile amputation; Castration, vasectomy, scrotal ablation in large and small
    animals; Surgical affections of female genital system and their management: Canine transmissible venereal tumour;
    Ovariohysterectomy and caesarean section; Applications of rigid and flexible endoscopes in the management of
    surgical disorders; Surgical affections of udder, teat and canine mammary neoplasms; Surgical affections of tail and
    tail docking Wild or zoo animal surgery (only awareness); Body conformation of the horse in relation to lameness
    (trunk, fore limb and hind limb); Lameness: Its definition classification and diagnosis; General methods of therapy
    for lameness; Body and limb conformation in relation to lameness in equine; Equine lameness: Shoulder slip
    (sweeny), bicipital bursitis, omarthritis, capped elbow, radial paralysis, carpitis; Bent knee, and knock- knee;
    Hygroma of knee, open knee, blemished knee; Fracture of carpal bone, fracture of accessory carpal, contraction of
    digital flexors; Splints, sore shin, wind puffs, sesamoid iris Osstots, ringbone, quittor, side bone,
    Navicular disease, pyramidal disease; Laminitis, sand crack, seedy toe, fractures of third phalanx, pedal osteitis, and
    sole penetration; Canker, thrush and corn, Monday morning disease, cording up, myositis of psoas, Mac thrombosis,
    Crural paralysis, subluxation of sacroiliac joint rupture of round ligament trochantric bursitis; Upward fixation of
    patella, stringhalt, gonitis, chondromalacia of patella, rupture of tendoachilles, rupture of peroneus tertius, fibrotic
    myopathy and ossifying myopathy; Thoroughpin, bog spavin, spavin, curb, capped hock; Canine lameness:
    Intervertebral disc diseases, elbow and hip dysplasia, rupture of cruciate ligament, elbow hygroma etc.; their
    management, Onychectomy; Bovine lameness: Contusion of sole, ulceration of sole, septic laminitis, avulsion of
    hoof and subluxation of patella, interdigital fibroma, cyst, sand crack, and hoof deformities; Fracture: Definitions,
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    classification, fracture healing and complications; Fracture: The preliminary assessment and management of
    fractures; Techniques of external immobilization of fractures; Techniques of internal immobilization of fractures;
    Management of fracture complications Luxations: Definition, signs, diagnosis; Management of common joint
    luxations in animals; Spinal trauma, diagnosis and its management Rehabilitation and physiotherapy of orthopaedic
    patients.
14. VETERINARY MEDICINE
    History and scope of Veterinary Medicine, concept of animal diseases; Concepts of diagnosis, differential
    diagnosis, treatment and prognosis; hyperthermia, hypothermia, fever, septicemia, toxemia, shock, allergy,
    anaphylaxis, oedema, coma, anaemia, common clinical poisonings and dehydration; Estimates of diseases, patterns
    of disease, disease monitoring and surveillance, herd health and quarantine; Etiology, clinical manifestations,
    diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of the following diseases of cattle, buffalo, sheep,
    goat, horse, pig, dog, cat and poultry: Diseases of digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, nervous,
    musculoskeletal, haemopoietic, and lymphatic systems, skin, sense organs including affections of peritoneum, liver
    and pancreas; Emergency medicine and critical care; Diagnosis and management of diseases caused by deficiency of
    iron, copper, cobalt, zinc, manganese, selenium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iodine, vitamin A, D, E, B
    complex, K and C; Diseases of neonates, Alternative or integrated or ethno-veterinary medicine in animal disease
    management; Aetiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
    of metabolic or production and endocrine diseases of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, horse, pig, dog, cat and poultry i.e.
    Milk fever, eclampsia, osteodystrophy fibrosa, lactation tetany, downer cow syndrome, ketosis, fat cow syndrome,
    hypomagnesaemia, Nutritional haemoglobinuria, azoturia, diabetes, hypothyroidism, Cushing syndrome, Addison’s
    disease and Gout; Principles of zoo hygiene, public health problems arising from zoos; Prevention, control and
    treatment of infectious, parasitic, nutritional and metabolic diseases in zoo and wild animals including exotic birds;
    Acts and Rules related to Zoo and wild animals; National and international organizations and institutions interlinked
    to wild and zoo animals – role and functioning; Aetiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis,
    treatment, prevention and control of bacterial, fungal and rickettsial diseases of livestock: mastitis, hemorrhagic
    septicaemia, brucellosis, tuberculosis, Johne’s disease, listeriosis, leptospirosis, campylobacteriosis, actinomycosis,
    actinobacillosis, bordetellosis, glanders, strangles, ulcerative lymphangitis, colibacillosis, fowl typhoid, pullorum
    disease, fowl cholera, avian mycoplasmosis, spirochaetosis, salmonellosis, swine erysipelas, contagious caprine
    pleuropneumonia, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, anthrax, clostridial infections, ehrlichiosis, chlamydosis, Q
    fever, anaplasmosis, dermatophilosis, aspergillosis, candidiasis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, coccidiodomycosis,
    mycotoxicosis and rhinosporidiosis; Aetiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment,
    prevention and control of viral and parasitic diseases of diseases of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, horse, pig, dog, cat
    and poultry: Foot and mouth disease, rinderpest, bovine viral diarrhoea, malignant catarrhal fever, infectious bovine
    rhinotracheitis, ephemeral fever, blue tongue, sheep pox, goat pox, PPR, classical swine fever, rabies, equine
    influenza, equine infectious anemia, equine rhinopneumonitis, canine distemper, infectious canine hepatitis, canine
    parvoviral disease, corona viral infection, adeno virus infection, feline rhinotracheitis, feline pan leucopenia, feline
    infectious peritonitis, avian influenza, New Castle disease, Marek’s disease, avian leucosis, infectious bronchitis,
    infectious laryngotracheitis, avian encaphalomyelitis, chicken reo virus, fowl pox, infectious bursal disease, chicken
    infectious anemia, inclusion body hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome, emerging and exotic viral diseases of
    global importance; Parasitic diseases: Trematodes, cestodes, nematodes, protozoan infections and external parasites
    of importance; Legal duties of veterinarians, laws related to medicine, evidence, common offences against animals
    and laws related to these offences; Examination of living and dead animals in criminal cases; Cruelty to animals and
    bestiality; Legal aspects of: Examination of animals for soundness, examination of injuries and post-mortem
    examination; Causes of sudden death in animals; Collection and dispatch of materials for chemical examination,
    detection of frauds-doping, alternation of description, bishoping etc; Cattle slaughter and evidence procedure in
    courts; Provincial and Central Acts relating to animals; Glanders and Farcy Act 1899 (13 of 1899); Dourine Act
    1910 (5 of 1910), Laws relating to offences affecting Public Health; Laws relating to poisons and adulteration of
    drugs; Livestock importation act, liability and insurance; Code of conduct and ethics for veterinarians – the
    regulations made under the Act; Animal welfare organizations and its role in animal welfare, welfare assessment,
    behaviour and animal welfare, principles and philosophy of animal welfare, animal welfare ethics, improving animal
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    welfare through legislation and incentives, assessment of physiological, behavioural, disease and production
    measures of animal welfare, assessing welfare in practice, environment enrichment, euthanasia, welfare of animals
    used in education and research and transportation, religion and animal welfare, human and animal welfare conflict,
    veterinary disaster management, human-animal interactions, veterinarians as animal welfare educators.
15. VETERINARY GYNAECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS
    Applied clinical anatomy and embryology of female reproductive tract; Hereditary and congenital
    anomalies of female reproductive tract ; Puberty and sexual maturity and their endocrine control; Delayed pubertyIts causes, clinical approach, treatment and prevention of delayed puberty; Applied reproductive physiology and
    endocrinology of oestrous cycle; Oestrous cycle and factors affecting the length of the oestrous cycle; Aberrations of
    oestrus and their clinical management and problems in oestrus detection and oestrus detection aids; Transportation
    and survivability of gametes in female reproductive tract; Follicular Dynamics and its clinical impact on fertility
    improvement; ovulation and aberrations of ovulation; Incidence causes, diagnosis treatment and prevention of
    ovulatory failures; Fertilization and aberrations of fertilization; Fertilization failures ; embryonic
    mortality;incidence, causes, diagnosis, treatment and prevention – Pathological affections of ovary, uterine tubes,
    uterus, cervix , vagina and external genitalia – Clinical management of specific and non-specific forms of infectious
    infertility; Role of nutrition, climate and stress on reproductive efficiency ; Managemental causes of infertility;
    Anoestrus and repeat breeding syndrome – Diagnostic procedures in infertility investigation – Clinical uses of
    hormones and drugs in the management of infertility; Surgical procedures for correction of abnormalities of the
    female reproductive tract; Herd reproductive health management and fertility parameters in individual animals and
    in herds; Assisted reproductive techniques: Synchronization of estrus and ovulation and its principle; methodology
    and implications; Multiple ovulation and Embryo transfer technology; In vitro fertilization; Equines: oestrous cycleSeasonality- breeding management- Aberrations of oestrous cycle and ovulations; Techniques of Pregnancy
    diagnosis; Clinical management of specific and non-specific forms of infectious infertility; Diagnostic procedures in
    infertility investigation Ovines and caprines: oestrous cycle- Seasonality- Control of oestrous cycle and infertility
    Swines : oestrous cycle; breeding management- Techniques of Pregnancy diagnosis and infertility
    Canines and Felines : oestrous cycle; breeding management- Phantom pregnancy; Medical termination of
    pregnancy; Aberrations of oestrous cycle; Medical and surgical management of affections of ovary, uterine tubes,
    uterus, cervix, vagina and external genitalia – Methods of Population control by medical and surgical techniques;
    Comparative reproductive events in camel; Principle, procedure and application of ultrasonography in farm and pet
    animal reproduction; Maternal recognition of pregnancy – Applied Endocrinology of pregnancy – Pregnancy
    diagnosis; Duration of pregnancy -Factors affecting gestation length; Care and management of pregnant animals ;
    Implantation, Placentation- Classification, functions –Wandering of ovum- Telegony- Superfetation and
    Superfecundation – Clinical management of specific and non specific causes of abortion, extra uterine pregnancy,
    dropsy of fetal membranes and fetus, mummification, maceration, cervicovaginal prolapse, uterine torsion and
    hysterocele; Parturition- Signs of approaching parturition – Stages of parturition ; Initiation and induction of
    parturition – lactational disorders ; Puerparium and factors affecting puerparium ; Postpartum care of the dam and
    neonate in different species of farm and pet animals ; Dystocia – Classification – Clinical signs and diagnosis –
    Handling of Fetal and maternal dystocia – Obstetrical interventions ; Mutation – Forced extraction – Fetotomy –
    Cesarean section in small and large animals – Maternal obstetrical paralysis – Retention of fetal membranes, Total
    uterine prolapse and common metabolic diseases of puerperal period – Post partum hemorrhage – Sub involution of
    placental sites ; Injuries incidental to parturition ; Post partum uterine infections – Post partum resumption of
    ovarian activity; Comparative clinical reproductive anatomy and endocrinology of the male reproduction in farm
    and pet animals; Common congenital and genetic defects of the male reproductive tract – Puberty and sexual
    maturity and factors affecting them ; Sexual behaviour and libido – Sperm transport, erection and ejaculation ; Coital
    injuries and vices in male animals ; Semen and ejaculate – Semen collection techniques; Structure of Spermatozoa ;
    Semen evaluation ; Semen extenders, dilution, preservation and post thaw evaluation ; Artificial insemination
    techniques in farm and pet animals ; Forms of male infertility – Impotentia coeundi and impotentia generandi –
    Affections of the scrotum, testis, accessory sex glands, penis and prepuce ; Breeding soundness evaluation of bull –
    In vitro tests for evaluation of male fertility ; Medical and surgical techniques for population control of the male
    reproduction – Surgical procedure on the male reproductive tract in farm and pet animals.